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Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are evolutionarily ancient signal transducers of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that have long been linked to the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Here, we review the physiological functions, biochemistry, upstream activators, and downstream substrates of the ERK pathway. ERK is activated in skeletal progenitors and regulates osteoblast differentiation and skeletal mineralization, with ERK serving as a key regulator of Runt-related transcription factor 2, a critical transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. However, new evidence highlights context-dependent changes in ERK MAPK pathway wiring and function, indicating a broader set of physiological roles associated with changes in ERK pathway components or substrates. Consistent with this importance, several human skeletal dysplasias are associated with dysregulation of the ERK MAPK pathway, including neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome. The continually broadening array of drugs targeting the ERK pathway for the treatment of cancer and other disorders makes it increasingly important to understand how interference with this pathway impacts bone metabolism, highlighting the importance of mouse studies to model the role of the ERK MAPK pathway in bone formation.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to evaluate the porosity of resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) by different mixing methods. @*Materials and Methods@#Five specimens were prepared for each groups according to capsules and mixing methods. Two RMGI capsule and two mixing machines were used for this study. One resin-modified glass ionomer cement is Fuji II LC (F2LC) and the other is Photac Fil Quick Aplicap (PFQ). For Mixing of RMGI capsule, Rotomix using rotating motion and CM-II using shaking motion were used. After measuring height, radius and mass of specimens, Density was calculated. And porosity was measured using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). All data were statistically analyzed using T-test, two-way ANOVA to compare between groups at 95% significance level to evaluate the affect of capsule and mixing method on the porosity. @*Results@#The porosity was observed in all specimens generally. And there is significant differece between porosities according to RMGI capsule and Mixing method. The porosity of PFQ was lower than that of F2LC and the porosity of Rotomix was lower than that of CM-II. Conclusion: There was a difference of porosity according to kind of capsules and mixing methods. When using same capsule, less porosity was observed on PFQ than F2LC. When using same mixing mehod, less porosity was observed on Rotomix than CM-II. Using mixing machine of same coporation as that of RMGI capsule did not lead to lower porosity. Therefore, Selecting optimal mixing machine is important.
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The application of whole genome sequencing on SARS-CoV-2 viral genome is essential for our understanding of the molecular epidemiology and spread of viruses in the community. The portable whole genome sequencer MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, ONT, UK) could be feasibly used in a clinical microbiology laboratory without the need of vast resources or stringent operating conditions. We used the MinION sequencer to analyze the viral genome sequence of one SARS-CoV-2 strain. In June 2020, nasopharyngeal specimen from one patient was subjected to whole-genome analysis using the nCoV-2019 sequencing protocol v2 of ARTIC using the MinION sequencer. The ONT MinKNOW software, RAMPART tool, and Genome Workbench were used. We identified 11 nucleotide variants using the Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate (NC_045512.2) as the reference sequence. There were six nucleotide variants (T265I, F924, Y3884L, P4715L, L5462, and Q6804L) in the ORF1ab region, one variant (D614G) in the S gene, one variant (Q57H) in ORF3a, one variant (P302) in the N gene, and two variants in each the 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR. In this prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic season, the MinION system that operates an amplicon-based whole-genome sequencing protocol could be a rapid and reliable sequencer without the need of cumbersome viral cultivation.
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Background@#To determine the effects of Jerusalem Artichoke extract (JAE) and inulin on blood glucose levels and insulin secretion in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. @*Methods@#Thirty four mice were divided into a normal control group and three experimental groups: diabetic control, JAE, and inulin. STZ (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to induce diabetes in the three experimental groups. The JAE and inulin groups were fed 10 g/kg JAE or fed 1 g/kg inulin, respectively, for 6 weeks. Fasting glucose was checked weekly. After 6 weeks, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, and the insulin level was checked. @*Results@#Four mice from the JAE group (n = 9) died and autopsies revealed inflammation and ulceration of skin lesions on the chest areas. Fasting glucose levels were not decreased in the inulin or JAE group relative to diabetic control group. In the OGTT at 60 minutes and 120 minutes, the serum glucose levels were significantly higher in the inulin group (572.6 ± 52.0 mg/dL and 555.8 ± 72.9 mg/dL, respectively) than in diabetic control group (484.3 ± 81.6 mg/dL and 467.3 ± 111.1 mg/dL, respectively). Insulin levels were not increased in the inulin group relative to the diabetic control group. @*Conclusion@#These results indicate that JAE and inulin might not be useful therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus and indiscreet intake of Jerusalem Artichoke could exacerbate to diabetes.
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A considerable number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), which can present either before or after IBD diagnosis. Unraveling the pathogenic pathways of EIMs in IBD is challenging because of the lack of reliable criteria for diagnosis and difficulty in distinguishing EIMs from external pathologies caused by drugs or other etiologies. Optimizing treatment can also be difficult. Early diagnosis and management of EIM revolve around multidisciplinary teams, and they should have the resources necessary to make and implement appropriate decisions. In addition, specialists of the affected organs should be trained in IBD treatment. Furthermore, patient awareness regarding the extraintestinal symptoms of IBD is of paramount importance for improving patient understanding of disease and health outcomes. Herein, we review the pathogenesis and clinical perspectives of EIMs in IBD.
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Beekeeping , Bees , Diagnosis , DNA, Complementary , Methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA , RNA, Viral , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Fast and accurate detection of viral RNA pathogens is important in apiculture. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection method has been developed, which is simple, specific, and sensitive. In this study, we rapidly (in 1 min) synthesized cDNA from the RNA of deformed wing virus (DWV)-infected bees (Apis mellifera), and then, within 10 min, amplified the target cDNA by ultra-rapid qPCR. The PCR products were hybridized to a DNA-chip for confirmation of target gene specificity. The results of this study suggest that our method might be a useful tool for detecting DWV, as well as for the diagnosis of RNA virus-mediated diseases on-site.
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Fast and accurate detection of viral RNA pathogens is important in apiculture. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection method has been developed, which is simple, specific, and sensitive. In this study, we rapidly (in 1 min) synthesized cDNA from the RNA of deformed wing virus (DWV)-infected bees (Apis mellifera), and then, within 10 min, amplified the target cDNA by ultra-rapid qPCR. The PCR products were hybridized to a DNA-chip for confirmation of target gene specificity. The results of this study suggest that our method might be a useful tool for detecting DWV, as well as for the diagnosis of RNA virus-mediated diseases on-site.
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PURPOSE: Allergic diseases have been increasing worldwide over the past few decades. Allergic sensitization is a pivotal risk factor for the development of allergic diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in allergic sensitization patterns of aeroallergens over the last 10 years in children with respiratory allergic diseases. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 12,848 children under the age of 18 years who received skin prick tests (n=3,852) or serum specific IgE tests (n=8,996) to evaluate sensitization from 2007 to 2016 in a single center, Seoul, Korea. RESULTS: Sensitization rate to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) reached a plateau in preschool (28.3%–32.8%) and schoolchildren (45.8%–47.2%). Sensitization rate to animal dander (cat and dog) was increasing from 8.4% to 12.5% in preschool children and from 10.3% to 18.6% in schoolchildren (trend P<0.001 each). In preschool children, tree (birch, oak, and alder; from 3.5% to 6.4%), grass (timothy; from 0.8% to 6.5%), weed (ragweed and mugwort; from 2.8% to 6.9%) pollens and mold (Alternaria; from 2.5% to 6.0%) were also in similar increasing pattern (trend P=0.001, P<0.001, P=0.003, and P<0.001, respectively). Additionally, tree (from 9.0% to 15.2%), grass (from 2.6% to 5.2%) pollens were also in increasing pattern in schoolchildren (trend P<0.001 and P=0.024, respectively). CONCLUSION: Over the past 10 years, sensitization patterns of aeroallergen have been changing in Korean children with allergic diseases. We should pay attention to the changing patterns of allergic sensitization to educate and prevent the allergic disease.
Subject(s)
Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Alnus , Artemisia , Dander , Fungi , Immunoglobulin E , Korea , Medical Records , Poaceae , Pollen , Pyroglyphidae , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Seoul , Skin , TreesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Korea Radiation Effect & Epidemiology Cohort METHODS: Using the KREEC-R raw data, we calculated age standardized rates (ASRs) of female thyroid cancer and re-analyzed the results of survey on the use of medical services. We also marked the administrative districts of residents who received the Radiation Health Research Institute (RHRI) health examinations and those in which thyroid cancer case occurred as per the Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) final report on maps where the locations of NPPs and 5 km-radii around them were also indicated. And we compared the incidence rates of Radiation-induced cancer measured between the first period when RHRI health examinations were not yet implemented, and the second period when the RHRI health examinations were implemented. RESULTS: The ASR for the far-distance group, which comprised residents living in areas outside the 30 km radius of the NPPs, increased rapidly after 2000; however, that of the exposed group, which comprised residents living within a 5 km radius of the NPPs, started to increase rapidly even before 1995. The frequencies of the use of medical services were significantly higher in the intermediate proximate group, which comprised residents living within a 5–30 km radius of the NPPs, than in the exposed group in women. In case of female thyroid cancer, the second period ASR was higher than the first period ASR, but in case of female liver cancer and female stomach cancer no significant difference were observed between the periods. On map, many administrative districts of residents who received RHRI health examinations and most administrative districts in which thyroid cancer case occurred on RIMS final report were outside 5 km-radii around NPPs. CONCLUSIONS: We could not find any evidence supporting the assertion that detection bias influenced the increased risks of female thyroid cancer observed in the exposed group of the KREEC-R study, as opposed to the control group.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Academies and Institutes , Bias , Cohort Studies , Epidemiology , Incidence , Korea , Liver Neoplasms , Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced , Nuclear Power Plants , Radiation Effects , Radius , Stomach Neoplasms , Thyroid Gland , Thyroid NeoplasmsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The effect of pravastatin on insulin resistance (IR) is controversial and poorly studied in prediabetes. METHODS: This study was performed in hyperglycemic patients at Saint Carollo Hospital from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. Among them, we selected 40 patients (24 prediabetes and 16 new onset diabetes [NOD]) who had been treated with pravastatin 20 mg daily for 2 or 4 months and in whom fasting insulin and fasting glucose had been measured before and after administration of pravastatin. IR was defined as a fasting insulin level ≥ 12.94 µU/mL, homeostasis model for IR (HOMA-IR) ≥ 3.04 or quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) ≤ 0.32. RESULTS: Pravastatin treatment decreased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 25.2% and 32.3% respectively (P = 0.000 for all), but did not affect fasting insulin level, HOMA-IR, or QUICKI in total, prediabetes, and NOD groups. Prevalence of IR was significantly different between prediabetes and NOD groups both before and after pravastatin treatment (0% versus 37.5%, P = 0.001), but pravastatin treatment did not affect the prevalence of IR in the prediabetes or NOD group. Fasting glucose level was not significantly different before and after pravastatin treatment in prediabetes (106.8 ± 6.4 mg/dL versus 103.8 ± 8.4 mg/dL, P = 0.223) but was significantly different in the NOD group (171.5 ± 70.1 mg/dL versus 124.4 ± 26.7 mg/dL, P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Pravastatin treatment did not affect IR or fasting glucose level in hyperglycemic patients. Therefore, we suggest pravastatin can be prescribed to hypercholesterolemic patients with hyperglycemia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cholesterol , Fasting , Glucose , Homeostasis , Hyperglycemia , Insulin Resistance , Insulin , Lipoproteins , Pravastatin , Prediabetic State , Prevalence , SaintsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the efficacies of susceptibility weighted images (SWI) for predicting the clinical prognosis of comatose patients following cardiac arrest. METHODS: Thirty-two patients who were resuscitated from cardiac arrest and underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were retrospectively investigated and compared to 32 subjects with normal brain MRI findings who served as controls. The SWI readings were divided into three categories: prominent, diminished, and normal. Comatose patients were divided into two groups: those with a Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category (CPC) of 1-2 (good outcome group) and those with a CPC of 3-5 (poor outcome group). RESULTS: Of the 32 patients, 17 (53.1%) showed good neurological outcomes upon hospital discharge. Normal patterns on SWI were mainly seen in the good outcome group (15 patients, 88.2%), while diminished patterns and prominent patterns were frequently found in the poor outcome group (13 patients, 88.7%). The combination of diminished pattern and prominent pattern predicted poor outcome with 86.7% sensitivity (95% confidence interval, 69.5%-100%) and 88.2% specificity (95% confidence interval, 72.9%-100%). CONCLUSION: The SWI findings correlate with the outcome of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and may be a useful adjunct of vegetative state or death in comatose patients after cardiac arrest.
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain , Coma , Heart Arrest , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Persistent Vegetative State , Prognosis , Reading , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The study’s aim was to develop and standardize a Korean version of the University of California San Diego Performance-based Skills Assessment (K-UPSA), which is used to evaluate the daily living function of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Study participants were 78 patients with schizophrenia and 27 demographically matched healthy controls. We evaluated the clinical states and cognitive functions to verify K-UPSA’s reliability and validity. For clinical states, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia scale, and Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale and Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale-fourth revision were used. The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale, Short-form of Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were used to assess cognitive function. RESULTS: The K-UPSA had statistically significant reliability and validity. The K-UPSA has high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha, 0.837) and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient, 0.381–0.792; p<0.001). The K-UPSA had significant discriminant validity (p<0.001). Significant correlations between the K-UPSA’s scores and most of the scales and tests listed above demonstrated K-UPSA’s concurrent validity (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The K-UPSA is useful to evaluate the daily living function in Korean patients with schizophrenia.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , California , Cognition , Intelligence , Quality of Life , Reproducibility of Results , Schizophrenia , Weights and Measures , WisconsinABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-translational mechanisms which can regulate gene expression in gastric carcinogenesis. To identify miRNAs responsible for gastric carcinogenesis, we compared expression levels of miRNAs between gastric cancer tissue and non-cancerous gastric mucosa according to Helicobacter pylori status. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from the cancerous regions of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of H. pylori-positive (n = 8) or H. pylori-negative (n = 8) patients with an intestinal type of gastric cancer. RNA expression was analyzed using a 3,523 miRNA profiling microarray based on the Sanger miRBase. Validation analysis was performed using TaqMan miRNA assays for biopsy samples from 107 patients consisted of control and gastric cancer with or without H. pylori. And then, expression levels of miRNAs were compared according to subgroups. RESULTS: A total of 156 miRNAs in the aberrant miRNA profiles across the miRNA microarray showed differential expression (at least a 2-fold change, P < 0.05) in cancer tissue, compared to noncancerous mucosa in both of H. pylori-negative and -positive samples. After 10 promising miRNAs were selected, validations by TaqMan miRNA assays confirmed that two miRNAs (hsa-miR-135b-5p and hsa-miR-196a-5p) were significantly increased and one miRNA (hsa-miR-145-5p) decreased in cancer tissue compared to non-cancerous gastric mucosa at H. pylori-negative group. For H. pylori-positive group, three miRNAs (hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-135b-5p, and hsa-miR-196a-5p) were increased in cancer tissue. hsa-miR-135b-5p and hsa-miR-196a-5p were increased in gastric cancer in both of H. pylori-negative and -positive. CONCLUSIONS: miRNA expression of the gastric cancer implies that different but partially common gastric cancer carcinogenic mechanisms might exist according to H. pylori status.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biopsy , Carcinogenesis , Gastric Mucosa , Gene Expression , Helicobacter pylori , Helicobacter , MicroRNAs , Mucous Membrane , RNA , Stomach NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Jerusalem artichoke (JA) mainly consists of inulin. In many experimental studies, inulin has been shown to be beneficial for decreasing glucose level. Therefore, JA is lately attracting wide attention as an anti-diabetic food. Therefore, many patients ingest JA in extract form. However, there are no published clinical studies in patients with diabetes to demonstrate benefit from the use of inulin-type fructans. We experienced a diabetes inpatient with acute hyperglycemia associated with JA. We could not control the patient's blood glucose in spite of addition and increment of insulin. We found that she had taken extracts of JA and recommended cessation. After discontinuing JA extracts, her blood glucose was well controlled in spite of discontinuation of insulin. Thus, in this patient, JA had actually increased blood glucose. We suggest that JA may be dangerous for use in diabetic patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Fructans , Glucose , Helianthus , Hyperglycemia , Inpatients , Insulin , InulinABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy of capsicum plaster, applied to the Chinese acupuncture point (acupoint) Pericardium 6 (P6), in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). METHODS: One hundred and fifty patients scheduled for ESS were randomly placed in one of 3 groups. Each group had 50 patients. Inactive tape was affixed at both P6 acupoints and both shoulders in the control (placebo) group. Capsicum plaster was affixed at both P6 acupoints and inactive tape was affixed at both shoulders in the capsicum plaster (P6) group. Capsicum plaster was affixed at both shoulders and inactive tape at both P6 acupoints in the sham group. Plasters and tapes were affixed before the induction and removed 8 hours after surgery. RESULTS: The incidence of PONV and requirement for antiemetics were significantly lower in the P6 group than in the control and sham groups during the 24 hours after surgery. At postoperative 0-24 hour, nausea was 42% in the control group, 2% in the P6 group, and 38% in the sham group. Postoperative vomiting was 28%, 0% and 26%, respectively, and the use of antiemetics was 34%, 0% and 32%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Stimulation of the P6 acupoint with capsicum plaster is effective for preventing PONV at postoperative 0-24 hour in patients undergoing ESS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Points , Antiemetics , Asian People , Capsaicin , Capsicum , Incidence , Nausea , Pericardium , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting , ShoulderABSTRACT
Ketamine is an anesthetic with hypertensive effects, which make it useful for patients at risk of shock. However, previous ex vivo studies reported vasodilatory actions of ketamine in isolated arteries. In this study, we reexamined the effects of ketamine on arterial tones in the presence and absence of physiological concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) by measuring the isometric tension of endothelium-denuded rat mesenteric arterial rings. Ketamine little affected the resting tone of control mesenteric arterial rings, but, in the presence of 5-HT (100~200 nM), ketamine (10~100 µM) markedly contracted the arterial rings. Ketamine did not contract arterial rings in the presence of NE (10 nM), indicating that the vasoconstrictive action of ketamine is 5-HT-dependent. The concentration-response curves (CRCs) of 5-HT were clearly shifted to the left in the presence of ketamine (30 µM), whereas the CRCs of NE were little affected by ketamine. The left shift of the 5-HT CRCs caused by ketamine was reversed with ketanserin, a competitive 5-HT(2A) receptor inhibitor, indicating that ketamine facilitated the activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors. Anpirtoline and BW723C86, selective agonists of 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(2B) receptors, respectively, did not contract arterial rings in the absence or presence of ketamine. These results indicate that ketamine specifically enhances 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and that it is vasoconstrictive in a clinical setting. The facilitative action of ketamine on 5-HT(2A) receptors should be considered in ketamine-induced hypertension as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases such as schizophrenia, wherein experimental animal models are frequently generated using ketamine.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Rats , Arteries , Blood Pressure , Hypertension , Ketamine , Ketanserin , Mesenteric Arteries , Models, Animal , Norepinephrine , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A , Schizophrenia , Serotonin , Shock , VasoconstrictionABSTRACT
In this article, a part of fund and grant supports was omitted unintentionally.
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BACKGROUND: OneTouch Diabetes Management Software (OTDMS) is an efficient way to track and monitor the blood glucose level. It is possible to download data from the OneTouch Ultra via the meter's data port, and to transform the numbers of the blood glucose level into a graph, a chart, or statistics. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether the use of OTDMS in consultation hours would improve patients' knowledge of diabetes mellitus (DM), compliance, satisfaction with doctor and medical treatment, doctor-patient reliability, and glucose control. METHODS: All patients were randomized into either the OTDMS group using OneTouch Ultra or the control groups not using it. Both groups had conventional DM education and only the OTDMS group used data from OTDMS as explanation materials during consultation hours. At enrollment and after 6 months, we performed a questionnaire survey consisting of the diabetes knowledge test, items for compliance of treatment, patient's satisfaction, doctor-patient reliability, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). RESULTS: We analyzed 6-month follow-up data from 92 patients (OTDMS 42 vs. control 50). Both groups showed significant improvements in HbA1c, diabetes knowledge, compliance, reliability, and satisfaction after 6 months. However, there were no significant differences between OTDMS and control groups overall. Only "weekly frequency of checking blood glucose level" of compliance and "trying to follow doctor's order" of reliability showed better results in the OTDMS group. CONCLUSION: Using the OTDMS system for explanation during consultation hours seems to be more helpful to improve patient's compliance and reliability, especially for checking blood glucose level and trying to follow the doctor's order.
Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Glucose , Compliance , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Disease Management , Education , Follow-Up Studies , Glucose , Glycated Hemoglobin , Self CareABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate changes in gut microbiota composition following long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment. METHODS: Twenty-four-week-old F344 rats were fed diets with (n=6) or without (n=5) lansoprazole for 50 weeks. Profiles of luminal microbiota in the terminal ileum were then analyzed. Pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using an FLX genome sequencer (454 Life Sciences/Roche). RESULTS: Rats treated with lansoprazole showed significantly reduced body weights compared to controls (lansoprazole-treated rats and controls, 322.3±15.3 g vs 403.2±5.2 g, respectively, p<0.001). However, stool frequencies and consistencies did not differ between the two groups. The composition of the gut microbiota in lansoprazole-treated rats was quite different from that of the controls. In the controls, the microbiota profiles obtained from the terminal ileum showed a predominance of Proteobacteria (93.9%) due to the abundance of Escherichia and Pasteurella genera. Conversely, lansoprazole-treated rats showed an elevated population of Firmicutes (66.9%), which was attributed to an increased ratio of Clostridium g4 to Lactobacillus genera. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that long-term administration of PPI may cause weight loss and changes to the microbiota in the terminal ileum.